Chemistry · The second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes, Delta S of the universe and Delta G of the system as criteria for spontaneity
For a given reaction, \rightleftharpoons \) a t 0^{\circ} C \) and 1 bar, which
For a given reaction, \( \boldsymbol{H}_{2} \boldsymbol{O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \) \( H_{2} O(s) a t 0^{\circ} C \) and 1 bar, which of the following is true?
- A. \( \Delta G=0 \)
- B. \( \Delta S=0 \)
- C. \( \Delta H=0 \)
- D. \( \Delta U=0 \)
Step-by-step solution
At 0°C and 1 bar, liquid water and ice are in equilibrium. For a reversible phase change at constant temperature and pressure, the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) is zero. ΔS, ΔH, and ΔU are not zero because the phase transition involves changes in entropy, enthalpy, and internal energy.
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